D.Malloch 15-08-22/09 Scattered to gregarious in leaf litter, in a mature forest of Fagus grandifolia, Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus convex, smooth, dry, glabrous, bright pinkish red (HSV00:40:90), 50-75 mm in diameter
Stipe equal, fundamentally yellow (HSV50:30-40:100) but flushed throughout with the pinkish colours of the pileus, glabrous, dry, 78-95 x 17-20 mm
Pores yellow (HSV50:20:100), crowded, 2-2.4/mm, turning blue when damaged
Flesh yellow (HSV50:20:100), turning blue when cut, with a nondescript mushroom odour and taste
Basidiospores producing a very slight print on a microscope slide (discarded after microscopic examination), boletoid, smooth, not dextrinoid, 9.3-12.8 x 3.5-4.4 µm, Q = 2.66-3.54 (average[41]: 11.1±1.0 x 3.7±0.2 µm, Q = 2.98±0.22)
Hymenial cystidia abundant, ventricose to ventricose-rostrate, 27.9-53.8 x 5.2-11.2 µm, Q = 3.38-6.07 (average[26]: 36.9±6.4 x 8.4±1.2 µm, Q = 4.47±0.76)
Pileipellis a nearly vertical trichodermium at first, later becoming more lax and collapsed down, 200-350 µm deep, difficult at its lower levels to differentiate from the loosely parallel to interwoven tissues of the pileal trama
Photos:
On lawn adjacent to a Betula pendula tree.
D.Malloch 21-08-22/05. Gregarious (2) on buried rotten wood, associated with Pinus strobus and Picea rubens in semimature forest of Picea rubens, Abies balsamea, Pinus strobus and Betula papyrifera
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus convex, glabrous, dry, yellow brown (HSV40:20-30:90), 80 mm in diameter
Stipe tapering up, dry, glabrous below the reticulate apex, pale yellow (HSV50:05-10:100), 65-67 x 9-17 mm.
Pores pale pink (HSV00:05-10:100), adnexed, about 1.4/mm.
Flesh white or nearly so, with an indistinct mushroom odour, very bitter.
Basidiospores observed in a rather thin print, very pale orange pink (HSV25:05:100), boletoid, smooth, dextrinoid, 9.9-15.6 x 3.7-4.6 µm, Q = 2.50-3.62 (average[40]: 13.2±1.1 x 4.1±0.2 µm, Q = 3.22±0.24)
Cheilocystidia abundant at the tube mouths, ventricose-rostrate, with apex narrow and drawn out into a beak, with copious internal material that stains heavily in KOH+Congo red, 22.8-51.5 x 5.9-11.5 µm, Q = 2.98-4.91 (average[22]:36.0±7.7 x 8.8±1.5 µm, Q = 4.10±0.56).
Pleurocystidia abundant on the walls of the tubes, similar in shape to the cheilocystidia, mostly without internal material staining heavily in KOH + Congo Red, 23.2-60.0 x 8.6-16.7 µm, Q = 2.53-4.75 (average[25]: 43.9±7.7 x 12.7±2.1 µm, Q = 3.49±0.60)
Pileipellis an ascending to subascending ixotrichodermium, becoming more colllapsed in some parts, with hyphae having yellow-orange interior contents that are unaffected by water or Windex and exterior encrustations of similar material, with orange material apparently soluble in KOH and leaving the cells clear and yellow and without the orange exterior material, with many hyphae showing hyaline radially encrusted walls after KOH treatment
Hymenophoral trama bilateral
Photos:
D. Malloch 12-08-22/04. Solitary in leaf litter in gravelly roadside, associated with Betula papyrifera, Picea rubens and Abies balsamea
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus convex, smooth at the margin, dry, glabrous, greyish green (HSV160:05:70-80), with pileipellis peeling about halfway to the centre, 60 mm in diameter
Stipe equal, dry, glabrous, white, 50 x 15 mm.
Lamellae white, adnate, crowded, without lamellulae but with some lamellae forked.
Flesh white, lacking a distinctive odour, mild.
Basidiospores pale yellow (HSV45:15-20:100) in spore print, mostly obovate in profile, less frequently elliptical, with low warts that are only rarely connected, amyloid, 7.0-8.5 x 4.9-6.0 µm, Q = 1.25-1.53 (average[40]: 7.7±0.4 x 5.6±0.3 µm, Q = 1.38±0.06)
Basidia clavate, 4-spored, lacking clamp connections, with sterimata curving inward and apparently holding the basidiospores in a connected group
Hymenial cystidia (metuloids) abundant, ventricose to lageniform, without apophyses, packed with crystalline material, without a basal clamp connection, 72-93 x 11.1-16.3 µm
Pileipellis a ixotrichodermium, 300-430 µm thick
Photos:
D.Malloch 17-08-22/03. Solitary in leaf litter associated with Fagus grandifolia, in mature forest of Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia and Quercus rubra
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus broadly convex, with a small central depression, dry to slightly sticky, dull reddish grey (HSV30:05-10:100), 40-45 mm in diameter
Stipe tapering up from a broad base, dry, glabrous, pale yellow (HSV40:05-10:100), 52 x 9 mm.
Lamellae white, close to crowded, adnate to subdecurrent
Flesh white, lacking a distinctive odour, mild (not acrid)
Basidiospores white to very slightly yellow in a heavy spore print, with a conspicuous non-amyloid plage, with amyloid ridges elongated and often uniting to form an incomplete network and giving the spore a distinctly warted appearance in optical section, with ornamentation up to 0.8 µm high, 6.1-7.9 x 5.0-6.0 µm, Q = 1.16-1.45 (average[47]: 6.9±0.39 x 5.4±0.20, Q = 1.28±0.06).
Pileipellis an ixotrichodermium above a weakly defined layer of parallel hyphae, without dermatocystidia as viewed in KOH + phloxine
Hymenial cystidia abundant and extending well beyond the basidia, laceolate, 71-73 x 6,5-9.6 µ
Photos:
D.Malloch 20-08-22/03. Gregarious (3) in humus, in medium-age forest of Pinus strobus, Abies balsamea, Picea rubens and Betula papyrifera
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus conical to convex, with a large broad umbo, dry, densely scaly on the umbo, fibrillose toward the margin, dark brown (HSV20:50:40-50) on the umbo, more yellow brown (HSV30:20:90) toward the margin, 28-38 mm in diameter
Stipe equal, dry, fibrillose-scaly below the apex, yellow brown (HSV30:20:90), 45-67 x 4-6 mm.
Lamellae light brown (HSV30:10-15:90), adnexed, close.
Flesh pale olive (HSV45:10:70-80) in the pileus, light brown in the stipe, with a pronounced mushroom odour.
Basidiospores forming a deposit too thin to assign to colour, with prominent high nodules, usually with 5-6 nodules visible in dorsi-ventral view and 5 in profile, 8.4-12.2 x 4.8-8.2 µm, Q = 1.26-1.95 (average[52]: 9.9±0.82 x 6.5±0.63, Q = 1.52±0.16).
Basidia clavate, 4-spored, with a basal clamp connection
Cheilocystidia ventricose to lageniform, rarely with a capitulum, thin-walled, usually with apical crystals, often with elongated internal crystals, 40-80 x 13.0-26.8 µm.
Pleurocystidia ventricose to lageniform, thin-walled, usually with apical crystals, often with elongated internal crystals, 58-80 x 15.6-23.4 µm.
Photos:
D.Malloch 20-08-22/06. Solitary in soil and needle litter, associated with Pinus strobus in medium-age forest of Pinus strobus, Abies balsamea, Picea rubens and Betula papyrifera
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
D.Malloch 19-08-22/08. Gregarious (5 or 6), in medium age forest of Abies balsamea, Picea rubens and Betula papyrifera
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus convex-hemispherical at first, expanding to broadly convex, sticky-viscid, striate at the immediate margin, glabrous, yellow (HSV50:15-20:100), with some scattered brown stains, 55-86 mm in diameter (larger ones seen in the field)
Stipe equal to slightly ventricose, dry, glabrous, white, 68-85 x 22-30 mm.
Lamellae pale yellow (HSV50:10:100), adnexed, close, often forked.
Flesh pale yellow (HSV45:05-10:100), with a strong odour of almonds.
Basidiospores very pale yellow in spore print, with ornamentation forming a complete to incomplete retulum, 6.9-8.0 x 6.1-7.0 µm, Q = 1.06-1.23 (average[37]: 7.6±0.28 x 6.6±0.21 µm, Q = 1.16±0.04, with ridges of the ornamentation amyloid and up to 1.5 µm high.
Pileal epicutis a low trichodermium, with a very thin skin-like surface layer, containing scattered pseudocystidia that stain readily in KOH/phloxine
Hymenial pseudocystidia abundant, narrowly clavate, often mucronate or with globose to monilioid apices
Photos:
D.Malloch 21-08-22/07 Gregarious (2) in humus beside a path, associated with Picea rubens in semimature forest of Picea rubens, Abies balsamea, Pinus strobus and Betula papyrifera
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus conical at first, not seen when fully expanded, glabrous, sticky, white, 40-62 mm in diameter
Stipe tapering up gradually, with a large subspherical bulb, dry, glabrous to finely diffracted-scaly, white, annulate, volvate, 35-50 x 6-9 mm.
Lamellae white, free, close
Flesh white, with an indistinct to slightly unpleasant mushroom odour.
Basidiospores white in spore print, broadly obovate to subspherical in profile, smooth, distinctly amyloid, 8.6-13.5(15.8) x 7.7-11.8 (14.1) µm, Q = 1.00-1.17 (average[41]: 10.5±1.28 x 9.6±1.10 µm, Q = 1.09±0.04).
Basidia clavate, both two- and four-spored but with four-spored more abundant
Pileipellis a thick ixocutis, with subpellis a compact cutis of narrow hyphae
Pileal trama irregularly and loosely interwoven
Lamellar trama bilateral, with a narrow parallel core and a broad and loose subhymenium
Photos:
D.Malloch 13-08-22/04. Solitary in soil and leaf litter in mature forest of Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera and Fagus grandifolia
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus not seen when young, expanding to convex, depressed, corrugate-striate at the margin, dry, glabrous, bright red (HSV350:70:80-90), with pileipellis peeling halfway to the centre, 95 mm in diameter
Stipe cylindrical, dry, white, 85 x 18 mm
Lamellae very pale yellow (HSV45:02-03:100), close, adnexed, without lamellulae.
Flesh white, lacking a distinctive odour, mild.
Basidiospores very pale yellow to nearly white (HSV50:03:100) in spore print, boadly ellipsoidal, coarsly ornamented with mostly separate warts that are occasionally fused to form short ridges, with cell wall and ornamentation strongly amyloid, measurements excluding ornamentation 6.8-8.3 x 5.9-6.9 µm, Q = 1.10-1.24 (average[45]: 7.5±0.4 x 6.4±0.3 µm, Q = 1.18±0.03, with ornamentation up to 1.5 µm high.
Basidia broadly clavate, 4-spored, lacking a basal clamp connection
Pleurocystidia abundant, clavate to fusoid, often with an apical proliferation that is spore-like to fimbriate and tortuous, with a dense crystalline content, 48-68 x 10.0-11.9 µm
Cheilocystidia similar to the pleurocystidia but with apex often more strongly fimbriate, 43-61 x 6.9-10.6 µm
Pileipellis an ixotrichodermium about 50 µm thick above a dense cutis of about equal thickness, with elements of the trichodermium 2-3 µm broad and only distantly or inconspicuously septate
Dermatocystidia present as cylindrical hyphae, only slightly broader than the elements of the ixotrichodermium, staining moderately well in KOH+Phloxine
Photos:
D.Malloch 09-08-22/07. Solitary on a mossy boulder, associated with Betula papyrifera on the boulder but with Abies balsamea growing nearby
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus conic-convexwith a low and inconspicuous umbo, corrugate-striate at the margin, moist, glabrous, dark orange brown (HSV30:50:70-80) at the centre, pale orange yellow (HSV35:20:100) elsewhere, without veil remnants, 50 mm in diameter
Stipe tapering up gradually, dry, glabrous, minutely rugulose, pale cream, without an annulus, hollow, 140 x 8 mm.
Lamellae white, adnexed, close to crowded
Volva white, membranous, sack-like and adherent the stipe.
Flesh concolorous with the surface tissues, with a pleasant odour.
Basidiospores white in spore print, subspherical, smooth, inamyloid, 9.0-11.3 x 8.7-10.9 µm, Q = 1.00-1.21 (average[35]: 10.4±0.51 x 9.8±0.54 µm, Q = 1.06±0.05).
D.Malloch 13-08-22/02. Gregarious in humus beside an old hardwood stump in mature forest of Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera and Fagus grandifolia
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus conical, with a broad umbo, finely corrugate-striate halfway to the centre, dry, finely scaly at the centre, with umbo and scales yellow brown (HSV30:60:40-50), cream coloured toward the margin, 26-42 mm in diameter
Stipe cylindrical, fragile, dry, glabrous, very pale yellow to almost white (HSV50:00-03:100), 55-70 x 2.0-2.5 mm
Lamellae white at first, becoming pink as the basidiospores mature, close, ascending-adnexed, not marginate.
Flesh white, with a strong mushroom odour, lacking a distinctive taste.
Basidiospores pink in spore print, heterodiametrical, 8.8-12.5 x 6.6-8.2 µm, Q = 1.27-1.60 (average[53]: 10.0±0.8 x 7.1±0.4 µm, Q = 1.40±0.08)
Basidia from a compact subhymenial matrix, clavate, 4-spored, lacking a basal clamp connection
Cheilocystidia occuring in small clusters along the edges of the lamellae, not forming a continuous sterile band, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, flexuous, without a basal clamp connection, difficult to trace to their base but probably up to 80 µm in length, 3.5-11.4 µm broad.
Pileipellis a slightly- to well-developed trichodermium of broad hyphae, with a subpellis of parallel narrower hyphae, with intercellular pigments in the subpellis and possibly with encrusted ones in the pellis as well
Photos:
D.Malloch 11-08-22/05. Gregarious (2) in leaf litter at the centre and margin of a woods road, associated with Pinus strobus and Abies balsamea
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus not seen when young, broadly plano-convex, corrugate-striate at the margin dry, glabrous except for a large patch of universal veil, white to slightly greyish, 40-60 mm in diameter
Stipe equal down to the only slightly swollen base, dry, glabrous, white, white-mycelial at the base, hollow, with a persistent volva, 70-85 x 7-8 mm.
Lamellae white, probably free but damaged by animals, close
Annulus lacking
Volva persistent on the stipe, sack-like, white
Flesh white, without a distinctive odour
Basidiospores white in spore print, 9.9-13.1 x 8.1-11.9 µm, Q = 1.05-1.40 (average[76]: 11.2±0.59 x 9.6±0.76 µm, Q = 1.16±0.08).
D.Malloch 11-08-22/03. Solitary in humus beside a decaying stump, associated with Acer saccharum and Betula alleghaniensis
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Cedar, balsam fir
D.Malloch 09-08-22/06 Solitary on a decaying conifer log, associated with Abies balsamea and Betula papyrifera
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus broadly, depressed on the disc, moist, glabrous, dark red brown (HSV05:70:40), with sparse veil remnants at the margin, 28 mm in diameter
Stipe equal, dry, glabrous, pale cream but with reddish brown stains where handled, annulate, hollow, 50 x 8 mm.
Lamellae orange brown (HSV20:30-40:90), adnate to subdecurrent, subclose
Annulus pale cream, membranous, flaring up from the stipe.
Flesh concolorous with the surface tissues, with a pleasant odour.
Basidiospores bright rusty orange brown (HSV30:60:90), elliptical to ovate in profile, more strongly ovate and slightly broader in dorsi/ventral view, smooth, without germ pores, not dextrinoid, 5.9-8.0 x 4.6-5.7 µm, Q = 1.28-1.53 (average[48]: 7.1±0.37 x 5.0±0.22 µm, Q = 1.42±0.05) in profile view, 6.3-8.5 x 4.8-6.0 µm, Q = 1.20-1.49 (average[54]: 7.3±0.46 x 5.4±0.25 µm, Q = 1.35±0.07) in dorsi/ventral view.
Basidia clavate, 4-spored, with a basal clamp connection.
Cheilocystidia forming a continuous white sterile margin, nearly cylindrical to slightly clavate, with a basal clamp connection, 24-61 x 7.4-9.0 µm.
Pleurocystidia none.
Photos:
D.Malloch 09-08-22/03 Solitary in in leaf litter, associated with Acer spicatum, Picea rubens and Abies balsamea
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus strongly depressed and subinfundibuliform, dry, glabrous, fundamentally a very pale cream colour but with pinkish areas (HSV10:02-05:100), 30 mm in diameter – with exsiccates not darkening significantly in 3% KOH
Stipe equal or slightly enlarged toward the base, dry, glabrous, white or nearly so, 38 x 6 mm.
Lamellae white, decurrent, not marginate.
Flesh white above the lamellae and in the surface tissues in the stipe, pale yellow (HSV45:10-15:100) below the surface of the pileus and in the centre of the stipe, with a pleasant mushroom odour.
Basidiospores white in spore print, broadly dacryoid to obovoid, smooth, neither amyloid nor dextrinoid, 4.9-7.6 x 4.4-5.9 µm, Q = 1.13-1.43 (average[47]: 6.2±0.5 x 4.8±0.3 µm, Q = 1.29±0.07)
Basidia clavate, 4-spored, with a basal clamp connection, 26-31 x 5.8-7.0 µm
Hymenial cystidia none
Pileipellis a thick but rather loose cutis of broad and radially encrusted hyphae, with surface hyphae often branched and not entirely parallel, with some of the surface hyphae having a golden oily content and resembling oleiferous hyphae
Clamp connections present throughout
Photos:
D.Malloch 11-08-22/06 Gregarious (numerous) in leaf litter, associated with Betula papyrifera, Acer saccharum and Abies balsamea
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
D.Malloch 18-08-22/02 Solitary in soil in mixed forest of Picea rubens, Abies balsamea, and Betula papyrifera
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus conic-convex, moist, glabrous, bright orange (HSV30:80-90:100), 45 mm in diameter
Stipe equal, strongly flattened, moist, yellow orange (HSV40:60:100), 36 x 12 x 8 mm.
Lamellae bright orange (HSV40:80-90:100), distant, subdecurrent
Flesh concolorous with the surface tissues, lacking a distinctive odour
Basidiospores white in spore print, elliptical to slightly obovate in profile, less frequently ovate, smooth, unchanging in Melzer’s Solution, 7.2-9.3 x 4.9-5.8 µm, Q = 1.38-1.70 (average[56]: 7.9±0.41 x 5.3±0.23 µm, Q = 1.50±0.07)
Basidia narrowly clavate, 4-spored, without a basal clamp connection
Pileipellis not gelatinous, composed of a thin cutis of narrow hyphae, without a distinct subpellis
Stipitipellis not gelatinous, a cutis of narrow hyphae
Lamellar trama composed of a central core of parallel hyphae, with a thick and loosely interwoven subhymenial layer
Photos:
D.Malloch 17-08-22/05 Scattered to gregarious on a moss-covered log in mature forest of Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia and Quercus rubra
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum
Pileus conical, striate, dry, orange brown (HSV40:60:90), hygrophanous, 3-7 mm in diameter
Stipe equal, dry, finely pruinose, pale orange (HSV40:20:100), 13-22 x <1 mm.
Lamellae pale orange (HSV40:60:90), close, ascending-adnexed
Veil not seen
Flesh concolorous with the surface tissues, lacking a distinctive odour
Basidiospores orange brown (HSV30:50:90) in spore print, narrowly ovate to elliptical in profile, with a tapered apex, finely roughened but appearing nearly smooth even with the 100X objective, without a distinct plage in Melzers although there is some indication of one in KOH-Congo Red, only rarely with a slightly loosening perisporium, strongly dextrinoid in Melzer’s Solution, 7.4-10.0 x 4.3-5.1 µm, Q = 1.59-1.97 (average[54]: 8.4±0.44 x 4.7±0.01 µm, Q = 1.80±0.08)
Basidia broadly clavate, 4-spored, with a basal clamp connection
Cheilocystidia forming a sterile margin on the lamellae, ventricose-rostrate to sublecythiform, with apex swollen but never globose, 35-49 x 5.5-8.8 x 2.9-4.5 µm, 4.2-6.5 µm broad at the apex
Pleurocystidia lacking
Lamellar trama parallel to slightly interwoven, brown, strongly encrusted
Pileipellis a thin cutis of strongly encrusted hyphae
Photos:
D.Malloch 10-08-22/01 Solitary in humus beside a small stream, associated with Picea rubens and ferns
In herbarium, New Brunswick Museum (NBM)
Pileus conical at first, expanding to rather buckled, with a prominent sharp umbo, dry, glabrous, light brown (HSV30:40:90), with two dark red brown radiating areas, 44 mm in diameter
Stipe tapering up gradually, twisted-fibrous but very fragile, dry, glabrous, pale orange buff (HSV30:03-04:100), 63 x 4 mm.
Lamellae pale buff (HSV30:02-03:100), adnexed, not marginate.
Flesh concolorous with the surface tissues, with a weakly farinaceous odour, lacking a distinctive taste.
Basidiospores pink in spore print, heterodiametrical, mostly 5-6-sided in profile, 8.5-11.2 x 6.2-8.4 µm, Q = 1.25-1.59 (average[59]: 9.9±0.7 x 7.1±0.4 µm, Q = 1.40±0.07)
Basidia arising from a system of swollen septate hyphae, clavate, 4-spored, without a basal clamp connection
Hymenial cystidia lacking
Pileipellis a thin cutis of narrow hyphae above a thicker subpellis of very broad hyphae, with hyphae of cutis possibly finely encrusted and without clamp connections
Pileal trama parallel, with numerous and conspicuous oliferous hyphae
Lamellar trama parallel, of broad hyphae with a uniform and rather refractile content resembling oleiferous hyphae, with subhymenium poorly differentiated from the trama
Photos: