The Butterflies of Sadu-Chiru, Kangpokpi District, Manipur, NE India
Sadu Chiru Waterfall:
The waterfall is located at a distance of about 25 km from the capital city Imphal, Manipur. The waterfall is known as Sadu Chiru Falls or Leimaram Waterfall. The waterfall is located within a forested section at the base of the mountain. The forest is of subtropical evergreen forest.
Field Trip:
December 2015:
The first trip to Sadu Chiru falls was conducted during December 2015 for a day. I and Mr Baleshwor Soibam were present on the trip. The observation started at around 9 am in the morning and lasted till evening at 4 pm. During this period we have observed many species of butterflies flying in and around the falls. We also observed a group of Pieris melete montana puddle on the mud along with Appias lalage and some unknown Hesperids near the stream. On this day we have recorded about 27 species of butterflies. We have observed only 1 species of Swallowtail butterfly i.e. Papilio polytes. Most common to this time of the year was Pieridae butterflies.
April 2017:
The second trip to Sadu Chiru falls was conducted during April 2017 for a day. Mr Harmenn Huidrom, Dr Zdenek Flatynek Fric and I conducted the observation of butterflies around the falls. Most active were the swallowtail butterflies, we have observed about six species of swallowtails Papilio polytes, Papilio helenus, Papilio memnon, Papilio paris, Atrophaneura varuna, Atrophaneura dasarada, etc. Most of the butterflies were seen flying in the shades of the canopy.
A complete checklist on the butterflies collected from Sadu Chiru falls are prepared based on this two trips. The checklist consist of 64 butterflies representing 6 families; Hesperiidae (9 sp.), Lycaenidae (10 sp.), Riodinidae (2 sp.), Pieridae (7 sp.), Papilionidae (10 sp.) and Nymphalidae (25 sp.).
Preliminary Checklist:
Family Hesperiidae
Pelopidas assamensis (de Nicéville, 1882)
Parnara assamensis de Nicéville, 1882; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 51 Pt.II (2-3): 65; TL: Sikkim.Potanthus trachala (Mabille, 1878)
Pamphila trachala Mabille, 1878; Petites Nouvelles ent. 10 (198): 237; TL: Java.Polytremis eltola (Hewitson, 1869)
Hesperia eltola Hewitson, 1869; Ill. exot. Butts 5: [104], pl. [52], f. 40; TL: Darjeeling.Notocrypta feisthamelii (Boisduval, 1832)
Thymele feisthamelii Boisduval, 1832; in d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe (Faune ent. Pacif.) 1: 159, pl. 2, f. 7; TL: Amboina.Tagiades litigiosa Möschler, 1878
Tagiades litigiosa Möschler, 1878; Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28 (Abh.): 230; TL: Silhet.Celaenorrhinus patula de Nicéville, 1889
Celaenorrhinus patula de Nicéville, 1889; J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 4 (3): 182, pl. B, f. 4; TL: SikkimCelaenorrhinus aurivittata (Moore, 1878)
Plesioneura aurivittata Moore, 1878; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4): 843, pl. 53, f. 2; TL: Above AhsownSarangesa dasahara Moore, [1866]
Sarangesa dasahara Moore, [1866]; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3): 787; TL: BengalChoaspes benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)
Hesperia benjaminii Guérin-Méneville, 1843; in Delessert, Souvenirs Voy. Inde (2): 79, pl. 22, f. 2; TL: Nilgiris, S.India
Family Lycaenidae
Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793)
Hesperia strabo Fabricius, 1793; Ent. Syst. 3 (1): 287, no. 101; TL: "India orientali" [Tranquebar, S.India].Celastrina argiolus iynteana (de Nicéville, 1884)
Cyaniris iynteana de Nicéville, [1884]; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 52 Pt.II (2/4): 69, pl. 9, f. 7 ♂, 7a ♀; TL: Sikkim.Leptotes plinius (Fabricius, 1793)
Hesperia plinius Fabricius, 1793; Ent. Syst. 3 (1): 284; TL: "Asia".Pseudozizeeria maha (Kollar, [1844])
Lycaena maha Kollar, [1844]; in Hügel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek 4: 422; TL: MussoorieLampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, 1767; Syst. Nat. (Edn 12) 1 (2): 789; TL: Algeria.Jamides celeno (Cramer, [1775])
Papilio celeno Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 51, pl. 31, f. C, D; TL: "India"Jamides alecto (Felder, 1860
Lycaena alecto Felder, 1860; Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 (11): 456; TL: AmbonHeliophorus epicles latilimbata Eliot, 1963
Ilerda epicles indicus f. latilimbata Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (12): 49; TL: Sikkim.Heliophorus brahma (Moore, [1858])
Ilerda brahma Moore, [1858]; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 29, pl. 1a, f. 4.Rapala pheretima (Hewitson, 1863)
Deudorix pheretima Hewitson, 1863; Ill. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae (1): 21, pl. 9, f. 27-29; TL: Sarawak
Family Riodinidae
Abisara fylla Westwood, 1851
Taxila fylla Westwood, 1851; Gen. diurn. Lep. (2): pl. 69, f. 3, text: 422]Zemeros flegyas Cramer, 1780
Papilio flegyas Cramer, [1780]; Uitl. Kapellen 3 (23-24): 158, pl. 280, f. E, F; TL: "China"
Family Pieridae
Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 467; TL: Sweden.Pieris melete montana Verity, 1908
Pieris melete montana Verity, 1908; Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 141, pl. 31, f. 20-21Pieris canidia (Linnaeus, 1768)
Papilio canidia Linnaeus, 1768; in Sparrman, Amoenit. acad., 7 (150): 504n; TL: S.China.Appias lalage (Doubleday, 1842)
Pieris lalage Doubleday, 1842; in Gray, Zool. Miscell.: 76; TL: Khasi Hills.Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836)
Terias blanda Boisduval, 1836; Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 672; TL: Java.Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758)
Papilio hecabe Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 470; TL: S.China, Hong Kong.Delias acalis pyramus (Wallace,1867)
Thyca pyramus Wallace, 1867; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 4 (3): 347; TL: N.India
Family Papilionidae
Lamproptera meges (Zinken, 1831)
Papilio meges Zinken, 1831; Nova Acta physico-med. [Leop. Carol.] 15 (1): 161, pl. 15, f. 8Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758
Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 460; TL: S.ChinaPapilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758
Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 459; TL: Canton, ChinaPapilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836
Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836; Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 210; TL: JavaPapilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758
Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 460; TL: AsiaPapilio paris Linnaeus, 1758
Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 459; TL: Canton, ChinaPapilio bianor Cramer, [1777]
Papilio bianor Cramer, [1777]; Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9-16): 10; TL: Kanton, ChinaAtrophaneura varuna (White, 1842)
Papilio varuna White, 1842; Entomologist 1: 280; TL: Penang, MalayaAtrophaneura aidoneus (Doubleday, 1845)
Papilio aidoneus Doubleday, 1845; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (1) 16 (104): 178; TL: HimalayaAtrophaneura dasarada (Moore, 1857)
Papilio dasarada Moore, 1857; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 96; TL: Cherra Punji
Family Nymphalidae
Parantica melaneus (Cramer, [1775])
Papilio melaneus Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 48, pl. 30, f. D; TL: 'Coromandel' [error] & China [?Canton].Cethosia biblis (Drury, [1773])
Papilio biblis Drury, [1773]; Illust. Nat. Hist. Exot. Insects 1: 9, pl. 4, f. 2 (& Index).Pseudergolis wedah Kollar, 1844
Pseudergolis wedah (Kollar, 1848) (Precis); in Hügel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek 4: 437; TL: India OrientaliStibochiona nicea nicea Gray, 1846
Adolias nicea Gray, 1846; Descr. lep. Ins. Nepal: 13, pl. 12, f. 1; TL: NepalElymnias malelas (Hewitson, 1863)
Melanitis malelas Hewitson, 1863; Ill. exot. Butts 4: [70], pl. [36], f. 6-7; TL: "Bengal"Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758)
Papilio orithya Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 473; TL: S.ChinaJunonia iphita (Cramer, [1779])
Papilio iphita Cramer, [1779]; Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17-21): 30, pl. 209, f. C, D; TL: China.Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763)
Papilio atlites Linnaeus, 1763; Amoenitates Acad. 6: 407; TL: "Asia" [? Canton]Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758)
Papilio almana Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 472; TL: Canton, ChinaSymbrenthia lilaea (Hewitson, 1864)
Laogona lilaea Hewitson, 1864; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 (3): 246, pl. 15, f. 5-6; TL: East Indies [error]Lethe sinorix (Hewitson, 1863)
Debis sinorix Hewitson, 1863; Ill. exot. Butts 4: [38], pl. [20], f. 19-20; TL: East IndiaLethe rohria (Fabricius, 1787)
Papilio rohria Fabricius, 1787; Mantissa Insectorum 2: 45; TL: S.India- Lethe verma sintica Fruhstrofer
Melanitis zitenius (Herbst, 1796)
Papilio zitenius Herbst, 1796; in Jablonsky, Naturs. Schmett. 8: p. [5]; TL: India, East coast north of CoromandelMelanitis phedima (Cramer, [1780])
Papilio phedima Cramer, [1780]; Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25-26a): 8, pl. 292, f. B; TL: JavaMelanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758)
Papilio leda Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 474Sumalia daraxa (Doubleday, [1848])
Limenitis daraxa Doubleday, [1848]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): pl. 34, f. 4; TL: SylhetNeptis sappho (Pallas, 1771)
Papilio sappho Pallas, 1771; Reise Russ. Reich. 1: 471; TL: Russia [Volga]Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758)
Papilio hylas Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 486; TL: ChinaNeptis nata Moore, [1858] ??
Neptis nata Moore, [1858]; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 168, pl. 4a, f. 6; TL: BorneoNeptis clinia susruta Moore 1872
Neptis clinia Moore, 1872; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872 (2): 563, pl. 32, f. 5; TL: "Bengal" [error, = Andaman I.]Hestinalis nama (Doubleday,1844)
Diadema nama Doubleday, 1844; List. lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 97Euploea mulciber mulciber (Cramer,1777)
Papilio mulciber Cramer, [1777]; Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9-16): 45, pl. 127, f. C, D; TL: E coast of S.IndiaAthyma orientalis Elwes,1888
Athyma orientalis Elwes, 1888; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1888: 354, pl. 9, f. 4; TL: Sikkim?Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar,1844)
Atella sinha Kollar, [1844]; in Hügel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek 4: 438
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